Disclaimer: The author of this article is not a licensed mental health professional, nor claims to be one. This article was written to collect and shed light on lesser known facts regarding seasonal depression from trusted sources.
By Sara Angus
Introduction
Have you ever noticed that from early fall to late winter that you consistently have a depressed mood, low energy, increased appetite, or hypersomnia (oversleeping)? These symptoms could all be explained by Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with a Seasonal Pattern, formerly known as Seasonal Affective Disorder and colloquially referred to as seasonal depression. December is a month designated for awareness of this disorder. About 10 million Americans, nearly 5% of the population, experience and struggle with this disorder (American Psychiatric Association). According to NHS UK, this disorder occurs due to the reduced amount of sunlight, which inhibits the hypothalamus from working properly in the brain; this can affect the amount of melatonin and serotonin levels in the brain while the lack of sunlight changes the body’s circadian rhythms.
With the days getting shorter, this condition can be debilitating for many. The more we educate ourselves on this and other mental illnesses as well as destigmatizes and validates those who struggle with this, the more support and help can be provided. With the seasonal change and daylight saving time just ending, recognizing the “Winter Blues” (common name for the mild type of seasonal depression) is of the utmost importance (Cleveland Clinic). While many are familiar with this disorder, here are four things you didn’t know about this condition.
#1: Winter versus Summer Pattern
Major Depressive Disorder with a Seasonal Pattern is not limited to the winter months. The key factor in diagnosis is that there is a “recurrent seasonal pattern, with symptoms lasting about 4−5 months out of the year” (National Institute of Mental Health). While the Cleveland Clinic postulates that what they refer to as “Summer Depression” is more rare, it may lead to symptoms such as anxiety, decreased appetite, episodes of violent behavior, agitation/restlessness, and trouble sleeping. In summary, this disorder can occur at any time of the year, not only during the winter months. (image credit)
#2: Different States are More and Less Likely to Experience this Seasonal Pattern
Since this disorder depends on the amount of sunlight, which affects circadian rhythms and brain chemistry, those living closer to the equator are less likely to experience such Seasonal Pattern. The further away from the equator, the less sunlight there is during the day, leading to a more dramatic change in individuals. Forbes ranks the five U.S. states most susceptible to this Seasonal Pattern (in order from most prone to least prone): Alaska, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and West Virginia. The five best states to avoid this pattern are Hawaii, North Carolina, Florida, Arkansas, and Colorado. An article from the Detroit Free Press states that Michigan “ranks high” in states affected by seasonal depression, geographically speaking. Since geography can have a major impact on vulnerability to MDD with a Seasonal Pattern, research, education, and awareness should be closely monitored and applied. (image credit)
#3: Different Demographics are More Susceptible
This specific disorder can affect people of all ages. HealthyChildren.org states that while this condition typically affects people in their early 20s, children and teens can also struggle with it. They also state that as individuals age, their risk of developing MDD with a Seasonal Pattern decreases. Additionally, according to the National Institute of Mental Health, women are more likely to be affected than men. Other factors that increase susceptibility include a history of depression or bipolar disorder (specifically bipolar II), having other comorbid conditions, and having family members with a history of mental illness. (image credit)
#4: MDD with a Seasonal Pattern is a Mood Disorder
As stated by MedlinePlus, MDD with a Seasonal Pattern is not only a subtype of MDD but also of bipolar disorder. Both are related through depressive episodes and symptoms lasting for more than two weeks. The Seasonal Pattern, however, has no link to manic or hypomanic episodes, which are required for a bipolar disorder diagnosis. In conclusion, MDD with a Seasonal Pattern is classified in the DSM-5 as a mood disorder; which distinguishes it from diagnoses such as anxiety, PTSD, substance use disorders, or schizophrenia. (image credit)
Conclusion
Major Depressive Disorder with a Seasonal Pattern can feel hopeless at times. It is a diagnosis often invalidated by others or unacknowledged altogether, but there is some consensus among researchers on how to combat these feelings. Mayo Clinic states that light therapy, medication, or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy are some of the most effective treatments for individuals struggling with this type of Seasonal Pattern. Other recommendations may include spending as much time as possible in the sun, supplementing with Vitamin D (if recommended by a doctor), eating a balanced diet, getting enough exercise, journaling, meditating, and more. With any mental health issue, it’s important to have a strong system of support. Make sure your mental health is taken care of this season.
Sara Angus is an undergraduate student at Michigan State University with a passion for supporting mental health. She is a children’s book author who enjoys baking in her spare time. Inspired by NAMI’s commitment to mental health support, Sara volunteers with their support groups to make a meaningful impact.